Am J Clin Microbiol Antimicrob | Volume 2, Issue 4 | Research Article | Open Access

Bacterial Evolution of Urinary Tract Infections Acquired in the Community and in the Hospital a Case of Mexico

Hector D Salazar-Holguin and Edgar P Salazar-Fernandez

Department of Epidemiology, Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS), Mexico

*Correspondance to: Hector D Salazar-Holguin,Edgar P Salazar-Fernandez 

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Abstract

Introduction: Since “nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution” (Dobzhansky
T) and it develops through the interrelationships between living beings and their environment;
the biological factors in the etiology of human infections can only be explained based on Darwin’s
evolutionary theory. In this sense, environment as different as communities and hospitals originate
diverse evolutionary processes in the causal agents of community and nosocomial infections; mainly
in the development of resistance to antimicrobials.
Methods: To validate the possible significant qualitative and quantitative differences between the
causal agents of nosocomial and community-acquired urinary tract infections, and their respective
antimicrobial resistances; a clinical-epidemiological, descriptive, transversal, comparative and
retrospective study was conducted; based on every urine culture and antibiogram performed during
a one-year period in a family medicine unit and a regional general hospital in Chihuahua, Mexico.
For verification of the statistical significance of these differences, χ2, odds ratio, confidence interval
and p-value were calculated with a 95% reliability limits for all cases.
Results: Qualitative differences (genera, species and strains) were verified between the 27 causal
agents of nosocomial and community urinary tract infections; with the most evolved bacteria and
yeasts located in the hospital, having a 1.9 times higher resistance against almost every antibiotic,
especially for Gram-negative bacteria and Escherichia coli. In all cases, these differences were
statistically significant. For Gram-positive bacteria, less resistant in general, community strains had
a 1.2 times higher resistance for two of four types of antimicrobials; but not significantly.
Conclusion: Regarding antimicrobial sensitivity, important differences were evidenced as for the
clinical practice guides recommendations; based on research from environments, societies and
medical attention quite different from Mexico. Even if bacterial evolutionary processes and antibiotic
resistance are global, they do not run in parallel nor are contemporary everywhere; and although
similarities eventually prevail, they occur with local peculiarities; therefore, their consideration is
decisive for a suitable and effective prevention and therapy of infectious diseases and their epidemic
outbreaks.

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Citation:

Salazar-Holguin HD, Salazar- Fernandez EP. Bacterial Evolution of Urinary Tract Infections Acquired in the Community and in the Hospital a Case of Mexico. Am J Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2019; 2(4): 1044.

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